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Research Papers
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
Abstract
The type I human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) encodes a 40-kD nuclear trans-regulatory protein termed Tax that transcriptionally activates the HTLV-I long terminal repeat (LTR), as well as select [corrected] cellular and heterologous viral promoters. Tax does not bind DNA specifically but, rather, acts in a more indirect manner. Tax activation of the HTLV-I LTR is mediated through constitutively expressed cellular factors that bind to cAMP response elements (CREs) present within the 21-bp enhancers of the LTR. In contrast, Tax transactivation of the interleukin-2 receptor-alpha gene (IL-2R alpha) and LTR of the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) involves the induced nuclear expression of NF-kappa B. We now report the identification of missense mutations within the tax gene that functionally segregate these two pathways of trans-activation. Additionally, we demonstrate that the carboxyl terminus of the Tax protein, despite its acidic and predicted alpha-helical structure, is completely dispensable for trans-activation through either of these transcription factor pathways. Finally, we demonstrate that mutations within a putative zinc finger domain disrupt the nuclear localization of Tax and abolish trans-activation. These results demonstrate that Tax trans-activation of viral and cellular promoters involves at least two mechanisms of host transcription factor activation and suggest that this activation is likely mediated through distinct functional domains.
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C. Tzagarakis-Foster, R. Geleziunas, A. Lomri, J. An, and D. C. Leitman Estradiol Represses Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Activation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Gene Transcription J. Biol. Chem., November 15, 2002; 277(47): 44772 - 44777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. Sharma, N. Grandvaux, Y. Mamane, P. Genin, N. Azimi, T. Waldmann, and J. Hiscott Regulation of IFN Regulatory Factor 4 Expression in Human T Cell Leukemia Virus-I-Transformed T Cells J. Immunol., September 15, 2002; 169(6): 3120 - 3130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. K. Lee, B.-C. Kim, J. N. Brady, K.-T. Jeang, and S.-J. Kim Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-beta Signaling by Blocking the Association of Smad Proteins with Smad-binding Element J. Biol. Chem., September 6, 2002; 277(37): 33766 - 33775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. Lu, C. A. Pise-Masison, T. M. Fletcher, R. L. Schiltz, A. K. Nagaich, M. Radonovich, G. Hager, P. A. Cole, and J. N. Brady Acetylation of Nucleosomal Histones by p300 Facilitates Transcription from Tax-Responsive Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Chromatin Template Mol. Cell. Biol., July 1, 2002; 22(13): 4450 - 4462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. M. Mariner, Y. Mamane, J. Hiscott, T. A. Waldmann, and N. Azimi IFN Regulatory Factor 4 Participates in the Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I-Mediated Activation of the IL-15 Receptor {alpha} Promoter J. Immunol., June 1, 2002; 168(11): 5667 - 5674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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K. Haller, Y. Wu, E. Derow, I. Schmitt, K.-T. Jeang, and R. Grassmann Physical Interaction of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax with Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 Stimulates the Phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma Protein Mol. Cell. Biol., May 15, 2002; 22(10): 3327 - 3338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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