![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Contents]](/icons/banner/tocACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
REVIEW
Gene Center, University of Munich (LMU), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 81377 Munich, Germany
The C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) integrates nuclear events by binding proteins involved in mRNA biogenesis. CTD-binding proteins recognize a specific CTD phosphorylation pattern, which changes during the transcription cycle, due to the action of CTD-modifying enzymes. Structural and functional studies of CTD-binding and -modifying proteins now reveal some of the mechanisms underlying CTD function. Proteins recognize CTD phosphorylation patterns either directly, by contacting phosphorylated residues, or indirectly, without contact to the phosphate. The catalytic mechanisms of CTD kinases and phosphatases are known, but the basis for CTD specificity of these enzymes remains to be understood.
[Keywords: RNA polymerase II; gene transcription; nuclear coupling; C-terminal repeat domain; kinase; phosphatase]
1 Present address: Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Jahnstrasse 29, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany.
2 Corresponding author.
E-MAIL cramer{at}LMB.uni-muenchen.de; FAX 49-89-2180-76999.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A. Sabo, M. Lusic, A. Cereseto, and M. Giacca Acetylation of Conserved Lysines in the Catalytic Core of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9 Inhibits Kinase Activity and Regulates Transcription Mol. Cell. Biol., April 1, 2008; 28(7): 2201 - 2212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Liu, A. L. Greenleaf, and J. W. Stiller The Essential Sequence Elements Required for RNAP II Carboxyl-terminal Domain Function in Yeast and Their Evolutionary Conservation Mol. Biol. Evol., April 1, 2008; 25(4): 719 - 727. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. B. Rose, T. Elfersi, G. Parra, and I. Korf Promoter-Proximal Introns in Arabidopsis thaliana Are Enriched in Dispersed Signals that Elevate Gene Expression PLANT CELL, March 1, 2008; 20(3): 543 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Zhang, A. G. L. Fletcher, V. Cheung, F. Winston, and L. A. Stargell Spn1 Regulates the Recruitment of Spt6 and the Swi/Snf Complex during Transcriptional Activation by RNA Polymerase II Mol. Cell. Biol., February 15, 2008; 28(4): 1393 - 1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Ni, A. Saunders, N. J. Fuda, J. Yao, J.-R. Suarez, W. W. Webb, and J. T. Lis P-TEFb Is Critical for the Maturation of RNA Polymerase II into Productive Elongation In Vivo Mol. Cell. Biol., February 1, 2008; 28(3): 1161 - 1170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Kerk, G. Templeton, and G. B.G. Moorhead Evolutionary Radiation Pattern of Novel Protein Phosphatases Revealed by Analysis of Protein Data from the Completely Sequenced Genomes of Humans, Green Algae, and Higher Plants Plant Physiology, February 1, 2008; 146(2): 351 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. D. Chapman, M. Heidemann, T. K. Albert, R. Mailhammer, A. Flatley, M. Meisterernst, E. Kremmer, and D. Eick Transcribing RNA Polymerase II Is Phosphorylated at CTD Residue Serine-7 Science, December 14, 2007; 318(5857): 1780 - 1782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Shell, K. Martincic, J. Tran, and C. Milcarek Increased Phosphorylation of the Carboxyl-Terminal Domain of RNA Polymerase II and Loading of Polyadenylation and Cotranscriptional Factors Contribute to Regulation of the Ig Heavy Chain mRNA in Plasma Cells J. Immunol., December 1, 2007; 179(11): 7663 - 7673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-X. Xu and J. L. Manley Pin1 modulates RNA polymerase II activity during the transcription cycle Genes & Dev., November 15, 2007; 21(22): 2950 - 2962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Boireau, P. Maiuri, E. Basyuk, M. de la Mata, A. Knezevich, B. Pradet-Balade, V. Backer, A. Kornblihtt, A. Marcello, and E. Bertrand The transcriptional cycle of HIV-1 in real-time and live cells J. Cell Biol., October 22, 2007; 179(2): 291 - 304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Gaillard, R. E. Wellinger, and A. Aguilera A new connection of mRNP biogenesis and export with transcription-coupled repair Nucleic Acids Res., June 9, 2007; 35(12): 3893 - 3906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hampsey and T. G. Kinzy Synchronicity: policing multiple aspects of gene expression by Ctk1 Genes & Dev., June 1, 2007; 21(11): 1288 - 1291. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gullerova, A. Barta, and Z. J. Lorkovic Rct1, a Nuclear RNA Recognition Motif-Containing Cyclophilin, Regulates Phosphorylation of the RNA Polymerase II C-Terminal Domain Mol. Cell. Biol., May 15, 2007; 27(10): 3601 - 3611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Fraser and S. A. Rice Herpes Simplex Virus Immediate-Early Protein ICP22 Triggers Loss of Serine 2-Phosphorylated RNA Polymerase II J. Virol., May 15, 2007; 81(10): 5091 - 5101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Hirose and Y. Ohkuma Phosphorylation of the C-terminal Domain of RNA Polymerase II Plays Central Roles in the Integrated Events of Eucaryotic Gene Expression J. Biochem., May 1, 2007; 141(5): 601 - 608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Gendra, D. F. Colgan, B. Meany, and M. M. Konarska A Sequence Motif in the Simian Virus 40 (SV40) Early Core Promoter Affects Alternative Splicing of Transcribed mRNA J. Biol. Chem., April 20, 2007; 282(16): 11648 - 11657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Fujita, S. Ryser, S. Tortola, I. Piuz, and W. Schlegel Gene-specific recruitment of positive and negative elongation factors during stimulated transcription of the MKP-1 gene in neuroendocrine cells Nucleic Acids Res., February 16, 2007; 35(3): 1007 - 1017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ryser, T. Fujita, S. Tortola, I. Piuz, and W. Schlegel The Rate of c-fos Transcription in Vivo Is Continuously Regulated at the Level of Elongation by Dynamic Stimulus-coupled Recruitment of Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b J. Biol. Chem., February 16, 2007; 282(7): 5075 - 5084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Reyes-Reyes and M. Hampsey Role for the Ssu72 C-Terminal Domain Phosphatase in RNA Polymerase II Transcription Elongation Mol. Cell. Biol., February 1, 2007; 27(3): 926 - 936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Kopp, J. Z. Gasiorowski, D. Chen, R. Gilmore, J. T. Norton, C. Wang, D. J. Leary, E.K.L. Chan, D. A. Dean, and S. Huang Pol I Transcription and Pre-rRNA Processing Are Coordinated in a Transcription-dependent Manner in Mammalian Cells Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2007; 18(2): 394 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Qu, J.-M. Perez-Canadillas, S. Agrawal, J. De Baecke, H. Cheng, G. Varani, and C. Moore The C-terminal Domains of Vertebrate CstF-64 and Its Yeast Orthologue Rna15 Form a New Structure Critical for mRNA 3'-End Processing J. Biol. Chem., January 19, 2007; 282(3): 2101 - 2115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Yoh, H. Cho, L. Pickle, R. M. Evans, and K. A. Jones The Spt6 SH2 domain binds Ser2-P RNAPII to direct Iws1-dependent mRNA splicing and export Genes & Dev., January 15, 2007; 21(2): 160 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. H. Wrighton, D. Willis, J. Long, F. Liu, X. Lin, and X.-H. Feng Small C-terminal Domain Phosphatases Dephosphorylate the Regulatory Linker Regions of Smad2 and Smad3 to Enhance Transforming Growth Factor-beta Signaling J. Biol. Chem., December 15, 2006; 281(50): 38365 - 38375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. P. Phatnani and A. L. Greenleaf Phosphorylation and functions of the RNA polymerase II CTD. Genes & Dev., November 1, 2006; 20(21): 2922 - 2936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Wilson and P. Rotwein Control of MyoD Function during Initiation of Muscle Differentiation by an Autocrine Signaling Pathway Activated by Insulin-like Growth Factor-II J. Biol. Chem., October 6, 2006; 281(40): 29962 - 29971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Jager, Y. Zhang, J. Bieschke, H. Nguyen, M. Dendle, M. E. Bowman, J. P. Noel, M. Gruebele, and J. W. Kelly Structure-function-folding relationship in a WW domain PNAS, July 11, 2006; 103(28): 10648 - 10653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. I. Shapiro Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Pathways As Targets for Cancer Treatment J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2006; 24(11): 1770 - 1783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. GULLEROVA, A. BARTA, and Z. J. LORKOVIC AtCyp59 is a multidomain cyclophilin from Arabidopsis thaliana that interacts with SR proteins and the C-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase II RNA, April 1, 2006; 12(4): 631 - 643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. HOLLINGWORTH, C. G. NOBLE, I. A. TAYLOR, and A. RAMOS RNA polymerase II CTD phosphopeptides compete with RNA for the interaction with Pcf11 RNA, April 1, 2006; 12(4): 555 - 560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Vojnic, B. Simon, B. D. Strahl, M. Sattler, and P. Cramer Structure and Carboxyl-terminal Domain (CTD) Binding of the Set2 SRI Domain That Couples Histone H3 Lys36 Methylation to Transcription J. Biol. Chem., January 6, 2006; 281(1): 13 - 15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Cai, K. F. Byth, and G. I. Shapiro AZ703, an Imidazo[1,2-a]Pyridine Inhibitor of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases 1 and 2, Induces E2F-1-Dependent Apoptosis Enhanced by Depletion of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9 Cancer Res., January 1, 2006; 66(1): 435 - 444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Li, H. P. Phatnani, Z. Guan, H. Sage, A. L. Greenleaf, and P. Zhou Solution structure of the Set2-Rpb1 interacting domain of human Set2 and its interaction with the hyperphosphorylated C-terminal domain of Rpb1 PNAS, December 6, 2005; 102(49): 17636 - 17641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
