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RESEARCH PAPER
signaling exacerbates mammary gland tumor development
1 The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA; 2 Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; 3 Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Breast cancer cell lines that express the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 
(PPAR) can be prompted to undergo growth arrest and differentiation when treated with synthetic PPAR ligands. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of increased PPAR signaling in vivo, we generated transgenic mice that express a constitutively active form of PPAR in mammary gland. These mice are indistinguishable from their wild-type littermates. However, when bred to a transgenic strain prone to mammary gland cancer, bigenic animals develop tumors with greatly accelerated kinetics. Surprisingly, in spite of their more malignant nature, bigenic tumors are more secretory and differentiated. The molecular basis of this tumor-promoting effect may be an increase in Wnt signaling, as ligand activation of PPAR potentiates Wnt function in an in vivo model of this pathway. These results suggest that once an initiating event has taken place, increased PPAR signaling serves as a tumor promoter in the mammary gland.
[Keywords: PPAR; nuclear receptor; breast cancer; mammary tumors; Wnt signaling]
Received November 5, 2003; revised version accepted January 29, 2004.
Article and publication are at http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gad.1167804.
4 Present address: Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, USA
5 Present address: Department of Functional Genomics, Chemicon International, Temecula, California 92590, USA
E-MAIL evans{at}salk.edu; FAX (858) 455-1349.
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